A Worldview Study

The People of Playa del Carmen

by Doug Millar

 

CONTENTS:

Country Profile

City Profile

People Profile–An Overview

 

Abstract
This report presents the results of a study of the Mosaic of people living in the city of Playa del Carmen in the fall of 2005.  The purpose is to equip our team to continue developing an effective Master Plan for initiating and nurturing a movement of God in the city of Playa Del Carmen. Resulting in changed lives, many new churches and a reformation of the culture. While much of this study is original, the Country Profile was drawn from a previous worldview study. 

 

Country Profile

 

Introduction

Shaped similar to a funnel that links the U.S. with Central America, Mexico sweeps down the map from the desert lands of the north to the tropical south, with a final twist as it turns east into the flat Yucatan peninsula. Encompassing just over 760,000 square miles, Mexico is bordered by the U.S. from the north, by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east, by Belize and Guatemala from the south/southeast, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west.  Mexico, officially named The Estados Unidos de Mexico, (United Mexican States) is comprised of a Federal District and 31 States.  The country is the fourth largest in Latin America, slightly less than 3 times the size of Texas.  Currently, Mexico is reported to be the largest Spanish speaking country in the world.

 

Population estimates for the country vary.  Most statisticians quote a probable total population of 92-100 million, with an approximate growth rate of 2.6% annually (recently: 2%).  In fact, one of the more dynamic aspects of Mexico's demography has been its rapid rate of population increase.  The growth rate has been 50 percent higher than the world average and almost four times the rate of the United States.  This growth rate, however, represents a recent slowing compared to the 3 percent growth rate from 1960 to 1980.  For example, in 1910, Mexico had a population of approximately 15 million.  As of 1940, the population had increased to just 20 million.  By 1960, there were more than 34 million people in the country, and as of 1970, more than 58 million.  The 1980 population surpassed 66 million, and at the end of 1986 it had surpassed 80 million.  Such rapid growth has significantly taxed the ability of the Mexican Republic to provide basic, effective social services and economic opportunities for its citizens.

In addition, the movement of people within the nations borders has drastically altered the distribution of Mexico's population.  Massive migrations from rural areas and small towns to cities began in the 1950s, resulting in an estimated 75 percent of Mexicans living in cities today.  In fact, as a group, cities within Mexico have grown at an average rate of more than 5 percent a year since the 1960s. The general lack of agricultural land, limited job opportunities, limited social amenities, and perceived opportunities in the cities have contributed to this population distribution trend away from rural areas to cities.

The people of Mexico should not be considered homogenous.  Mestizos, persons of Indian-Spanish ancestry, form the majority of the population, at least 60%.  [note: some estimates are 10 - 20% higher].  Another 30% are of Indian descent, 9% are Caucasian, and 1% other.  The official language is Spanish, but many Mexicans still speak only indigenous tongues.

 

Geography

A common cliche Mexico is a land of contrasts is hard to avoid when considering her astonishing variety of landscapes and climates. Lowlands exist in the southeast and along the coasts, but the heart of the country is the extensive Mexican plateau, with elevations generally above 4,000 ft.  Fringed by the ranges of the Sierra Madre, the plateau, with the exception of the arid north, is a region of broad, shallow lakes where more than half of the countrys population is concentrated. To the south is a chain of primarily extinct volcanoes, including Ixtacihuatl, Popocatepetl (recently showing signs of some activity), and Orizaba, which at 18,406 ft, is Mexico's highest point.

 

History, Politics, Government

Some knowledge and understanding of this country's complex history is crucial to appreciating todays Mexico.

Before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century, great indigenous civilizations such as the Aztec, Maya, Mixtec, Olmec, Toltec, and Zapotec flourished in Mexico.  Arriving in 1519, Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztec empire in 1521, and captured its ruler, Montezuma.  Thirst for gold was a major inspiration for the arrival of Cortes and his men, and ultimately laid the foundation for 300 years of Spanish rule.  It was during this time that Catholicism was introduced, as well as the creation of a landowning system that has repercussions even today.

The territory became the viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535.  Spanish conquerors exploited the mineral wealth of the land, using as laborers the native population and a growing mestizo class.  At this same time, Spanish rule was extended throughout Mexico, including what now constitutes the southwestern U.S. A rebellion, led by Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla, Mexicanos, Viva Mexico! (1810-1815) officially failed.  However, in 1821, Spain accepted Mexican independence, and an empire headed by Augustin de Iturbide was established in 1822.  For 30 years, between 1821 and 1851, Mexico reeled under more than 40 different governments.  It was during this period, in 1836, that Texas obtained independence from Mexico, and that the Mexican War with the U.S. occurred, 1846-48.

Internally, the republic was torn by strife among contending political leaders. In 1855, a democratic reform movement led by Benito Juarez overthrew the dictatorship of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and drafted a liberal constitution. Civil War followed, and in 1864 another ill-fated empire was established under the Hapsburg prince Maximilian. This empire collapsed in 1867. Next followed the long, reformist dictatorship of mestizo Porfirio Diaz, who ruled Mexico with a firm hand for most of the 35 years after 1876.

Diaz promoted economic growth and provided a degree of stability, but his encouragement of the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few spawned a new generation of revolutionaries. Among these were Emiliano Zapata, Francisco Pancho Villa, whose raid into the U.S. in 1916 resulted in a brief retaliatory U.S. invasion of Mexico, and Francisco I. Madero, who toppled Diaz in 1911, but was himself overthrown and murdered in 1913. A foundation for reform was laid by Venustiano Carranza's constitution of 1917.  In 1929, Plutarco Elias Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party, (renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, in 1946) which has governed Mexico ever since.

During the presidency of Lazaro Cardenas, (1934-1940) land was redistributed, illiteracy reduced, power projects initiated, and some industries nationalized. Cardenas successors have tended to stress industrial development, which has benefited the middle and upper classes. In 1982, the faltering economy caused the government to devalue the peso and nationalize the banks. The country's enormous foreign debt hampered economic growth. In 1988, Carlos Alinas De Gortari was elected president amid charges of widespread fraud. Salinas opened Mexico to foreign investment, signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the U.S. and Canada, and helped oversee a general improvement in the economy. A recent Mayan-based uprising (1994) in the southern state of Chiapas, however, provided a reminder of the poverty in which many Mexicans still live. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce De Leon, the PRI candidate, succeeded Salinas as president in 1994; this election was regarded by most observers as generally fair.

 

As identified earlier, Mexico is a federal republic composed of 31 states and the Federal District (DF).  Its senate is composed of 64 members, two persons from each state and the DF, as well as a Chamber of Deputies with a representative for every 250,000 people. Senators serve six-year and deputies three-year terms, and cannot be reelected for the succeeding term. Ostensibly the president is popularly elected, but is in fact to date selected by the outgoing president from among candidates in the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). The president serves one term and cannot be reelected. PRI lost much of it power in 2000, they were the dominant political party for 70 years. 

Mexico has a multi-party system, which means that there are more than two dominant political parties. Nationally, there are three large political parties that dominate: the PRI, the PAN, and the PRD. Other smaller political parties survive in isolation or by forming local coalitions with any of the big three.

 

Trade & Economy

National highways connect all major cities of the country and also connect border cities opening up trucking routes, especially with the United States.  Railways also link major cities and border cities.  Mexico City is the key hub for the country's trade, much of which is by air.  Veracruz is the primary port city.  Agriculture engages approximately a quarter of Mexico's active work force and is slowly being modernized. Sales to other countries include cattle, coffee, copper, cotton products, fish and shellfish, hemp, lead, manganese, petroleum, silver, sugar, tomatoes and zinc. Mexico is the 3rd ranked trading partner with the United States. Roughly two thirds of Mexico's imports and exports are with the United States.  The NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) has removed prior restrictions to cross-border trade.  In addition, tariffs are being phased out over a 15-year period. In 1994, the first year following NAFTA enactment, US-Mexico trade increased by an astounding 23%. However, it should be noted that the surprise decision to devalue the currency/peso at the end of 1994 did place domestic and international confidence in Mexico in turmoil. The economy has indeed in many respects slowly recovered, but  rebuilding confidence perhaps especially domestically takes many years.

Tourism is another industry of economic importance for the country. Many come to see Mexico's beautiful beaches and archeological ruins, and this has helped to increasingly diversify the economy.  Tourism is, in fact supported quite tangibly by the government. The Tourist Department of Mexico runs a multi-billion dollar industry, with a promotion budget that alone includes some $50 million in direct paid advertising.

In economic terms, Mexico is a developing nation. The gross domestic product, although modest, has increased from an estimated $1,100 U.S.D. per capitain 1960 to $2,300 U.S.D. per capita in 1986.  Given the steady and rapid population growth rate, the nation's economic growth has been impressive.  According to the 1990 census, the nation's active labor force was approximately one third of the total population, or roughly 28 million, a substantial increase from the 22 million of the 1980 census. The public and private sector accounts for approximately 11 percent of the work force. Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing combined account for more than 25 percent, while about 12 percent is in manufacturing. As a proportion of GDP, services produce 15 percent, manufacturing 26 percent, and wholesale and retail trade approximately 27 percent.

 

The average life expectancy in this country for men is 69 years, and for women, 75 years. The country has continued to improve in many areas of healthcare in the past decades. However, this is exacerbated by the rapid population growth. Care generally is of a higher quality in the cities. Persons with serious medical conditions and the financial resources to increase their choices, often choose care in Mexico City or in the United States. 

 

Mexico City

Mexico City is not only the capital of Mexico, but is also the largest city in the world. Approximately 25% of the country's population resides on this 1% of land. The city wrestles with unparalleled problems of pollution, a topography that is literally sinking (said to be at 3 feet above Lake Texcoco at the beginning of this century, Mexico City is currently at approximately 10 feet below), earthquakes, and volcanoes; the former with recent devastating impact, the latter with great potential for devastation. The city has been listed as one of the top ten most dangerous cities in the world.  Two-thirds of the government is seated here, although decentralization attempts are occurring.

 

Mexico-U.S. Relationship

As noted earlier, the countries are significantly linked through import/export processes, boosting the economy of each.

In addition, they share a 2,000-mile common border. Mexico and the United States have many other ongoing issues they are attempting to deal with jointly. Two primary issues are immigration and drug/narcotics trafficking.

There are at least 20 million U.S. residents of Mexican descent, and 600,000 U.S. citizens residing permanently in Mexico.  Each year there is an aggravated certification process that the United States performs, rating Mexico's efforts in curtailing the flow of drugs across the Northern border.  In response, Mexico repeatedly balks at this certification.  Recently, Mexican officials were further angered when the United States performed a drug/money-laundering sting operation within Mexico without notifying the government.

 

It is said that every day is a holiday somewhere in Mexico. Furthermore, almost all of these holidays have some sort of religious significance.

Throughout the country, there are an estimated 2000 Christian workers affiliated with 150 various missions or ministries. Unfortunately, only 3.5% of the country is evangelical. Between 3 and 4 million people live in approximately 142 unreached people groups.This dynamic, growing nation is searching for an identity in its Hispanic and Indian roots. This has produced fierce nationalism and demonstrations of independence from its northern neighbor, the USA.  This is often expressed in anti-Protestant populist propaganda. Electronic Operation World.

New laws in July 1992 opened up new religious freedoms in Mexico.  The law grants churches official legal status in Mexico for the first time.  Radio and television are now accessible to religious groups.  Also, religious organizations can now own property and maintain banking accounts. Prior to 1992 these freedoms were not enjoyed because of the influence the Roman Catholic Church had in the country's history.  However, to gain this status under the new law, churches must register with the government. 

City Profile

 

Introduction/Quintana Roo

The Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, a giant peninsula jutting out between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, is divided into three states: Campeche in the southwest, the Yucatan in much of the north and center, and Quintana Roo in the east. The City of Playa Del Carmen is located within Quintana Roo. This area that geographically enfolds the Caribbean coast was named after Andres Quintana Roo, a Yucatecan liberal journalist and statesman who was a leading figure during the days of the Yucatecan Independence movement. Mostly flat, this long-isolated state, covered with tropical forest, is approximately 50,350 square km, and boasts the most beautiful white sand beaches on the peninsula. Quintana Roo is also Mexico's youngest state, officially receiving statehood status in 1974. 
 

Overview of the area

The Mexican government now allows development along this entire stretch of coast from Cancún to Playa Del Carmen.  As a result, the area from Cancún to Tulum is quickly moving from its previous surroundings of dense jungle and vegetation to resorts, assorted billboards, roadside artisan markets, various dirt and paved-road entrances to ruins, beaches, campgrounds, and eco-tourist attractions.  Along with this dramatic physical transition, in excess of 3.5 million tourists arrive to visit each year (and this number is growing), and multiple thousands arrive from other parts of Mexico as well as from all over the world to stay and forge a new life in this brand new, developing culture.

Population estimates for the area vary dramatically.  The point of agreement is that the area is growing very, very fast. 

Cancún is of course the most well known city in the area it is 45 miles north of Playa del Carmen, and has been the catalyst for the development of the Riviera Maya.  Perhaps after Cancún and nearby Cozumel, the next most familiar name in the Riviera Maya. Cozumel is a 35 minute ferry boat ride from Playa del Carmen.   Some of the other communities and towns of the near Playa del Carmen, include:  Puerto Morelos, Puerto Aventuras, Akumal, and Tulum.  

 

Playa del Carmen

Approximately 45 miles south of Cancún, Playa del Carmen is strategically located as the midpoint between Cancún and Tulum, and is also the primary site for a passenger ferry to Mexico's largest island, Cozumel.  Playa del Carmen is often called simply Playa by locals.

Only a few decades ago, Playa del Carmen was a deserted beach where Indian families raised coconut palms to produce copra and the odd foreigner wandered in to get away from it all. In fact, just a couple of years ago, travel guidebooks very briefly mentioned the area as quiet, a good place for the budget-minded, and as also good for a quick stopover while catching the ferry to Cozumel. All that has changed. The town doubled in size in 1993, and is growing so fast it is difficult to track . Less than 50,000 people lived in playa in 2000 today more than 150,000 people live in this city under construction. Spanish speakers and other nationalities alike are flocking to the area, there is energy in the air, and all the utility, phone, and other complications that accompany such a growth explosion are in motion.  It had been established that Playa was the fastest growing city in the world. A New York Times article proposed that from a percentage growth vantage point, Playa is perhaps the fastest growing city in the world over the last 10 years.  As one guidebook recently and aptly commented:at the rate the town is currently growing, you might come back to Playa in two years and find it unfamiliar. We are seeing changes daily as the city grows. Schools are conducting classes under tents because the city can not keep past with the grow explosion. 

Playa del Carmen is a city on the coast of the Caribbean Sea in the north east of the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, located at 20.62° North, 87.07° West. The city is the seat of the Solidaridad municipality. Tourism to Playa del Carmen began with the passenger ferry service to Cozumel, an island across the Cozumel Channel and the world famous scuba diving destination. While passing through, many people realized that it was a nice place to relax away from the crowds of Cancún but with the same quality beaches and turquoise waters. While not as incredible as Cozumel, Playa del Carmen's coast offers some good scuba diving opportunities, as well as cenote diving for the more adventurous.

Today Playa del Carmen, or just 'Playa' as it is colloquially referred to, is the center of the Riviera Maya concept, which covers from Cancún to Tulum and the Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve. All tourist activity in Playa del Carmen centres on the Quinta Avenida, or Fifth Avenue, is a pedestrian walkway located just one block inland from the beach, and lined with boutique hotels, shops, bars and restaurants.

Playa Del Carmen wants to retain its small fishing village and artist colony charm, without becoming as large or tourist-dependent as Cancún. To this end, the city passed an ordinance by which all buildings, no matter what, have a limit of three stories, though a few four storey buildings were built before the ordinance.

There is a significant European influence in Playa, especially Italian. It is not ununsual to find that the proprietors of a particular hotel, restaurant, or bar are expatriots from Italy, Argentina, the US, Canada, France, Spain, or one of the many other country of origins represented among Playa del Carmen's residents.

 

People Profile

 

An Overview

As missionaries we come to understand that all people groups are unique and constantly changing. The people in our target group - new immigrants to the Cancún/Tulum Corridor (CTC) - primarily Spanish speaking mestizos, are unusually so.  To begin to understand the people and culture one must realize that 30 years ago what we know as the CTC did not exist. Certainly there were a few indigenous groups populating the region at the northern end of the Yucatan where the road ended and the jungle began.  Today we are witnessing rapid urban expansion and the formation of a new community, a new culture and a new state.  Additionally, this is a place where the world literally converges daily, in multiple, dramatic ways. Perhaps most importantly, the phenomenal development and growth of the CTC are representative of the spirit of Mexico, including much of her contrasts, ambitions, hopes and dreams.

This is a new land, a new people, and a new culture is most definitely emerging. We believe much of the Mexico's ethnographic data, such as what we presented in the country profile, is helpful, informative, and highly relevant to understanding this people group. We have also found data presented concerning Mexico City to be helpful in constructing a worldview understanding, as it is estimated that as many as 50% of our people group move here from that area.  However, challenges we have encountered include poor to moderate available statistical data, a limited historical record, and the reality that this is a people still in the process of forging and defining a new culture and identity.  Surveys similar to the one used for this study will be especially helpful in an ongoing effort to track and understand the evolving actions, thoughts, and beliefs.  Through them we will be able to see and understand the people as they really are.  It is expected that additional statistical data will emerge over time as governmental agencies catch up with the growth in the CTC and track elements such as education, literacy, population and migration.  With this data we should be able to do more detailed research to define patterns and make any needed adjustments in strategy.  In the interim, we will continue to use case study and personal observation to refine our worldview understanding.  We also acknowledge that the very things that make the group somewhat of a challenge to understand and effectively minister among are also the aspects that are exciting and spur us on.  What a rare privilege to be a part of a cross-cultural relationship with a people such as this

 

Field Testing/Survey: Methods & Outcomes

During a period of approximately 1 - 2 weeks in November 1999, field-testing was conducted to facilitate our understanding of Cancún Carlos.  Fifteen-question surveys were administered by nationals with instructions to attempt to interview non-believers living in the CTC for 4 years or less.  Effort was made to conduct the surveys throughout the CTC to maximize validity. Approximately equal numbers of males and females were interviewed.  Forty-two completed surveys were returned.

A copy of the field survey in Spanish can be found in Appendix III.  The survey was developed after reviewing similar instruments for other peoples and adapting the language and focus for the CTC.  The following data are presented in an English paraphrase of the actual survey.

Question	Agree	Disagree	Unsure
1. Where are you from?
2. How long have you lived here?
3. Most people coming to the CTC are coming to find jobs in tourism.	38	3	1
4. Most people coming to the Cancún area have a desire to learn to speak English.	42	0	0
5. The people moving to the Cancún are more open to change and less traditional than their friends and families living in other parts of Mexico.	31	9	2
6. People in this area talk openly about their religious  beliefs and practices.	30	10	2
7. It is hard to find a Mexican who does not believe in God.	15	25	2
8. Most of the people living in the CTC love to play sports.	35	2	5
9. The people here have respect for religious leaders.	37	4	1
10. The people here have respect for government leaders.	20	18	4
11. To be Mexican is to be Catholic.	10	27	5
12. What is your level of education?
13. There is a need for a better understanding of the Word of God, the Bible, in the Cancún area.	34	5	3
14. The people here are looking for hope for the future and a better way of life.	41	1	0
15. What is the greatest problem in Mexico?

 

Field Testing/Survey: Some Comments & Conclusions

The team was pleased with the return of forty-two completed surveys, as it provides a good initial sample.

*This initial survey did not reflect 50% of respondents as being from Mexico City as is normally cited.  However, this statistic is thought to be most accurate for Cancún.  Since sites throughout the CTC were surveyed, it is not surprising.  In the future, we will continue to track statistical data on point of origin as well as the communities in which respondents currently live to strengthen our understanding and the application of our learning. (#1)  Although the average time these respondents have lived in the CTC appears near the 3-4 year mark as requested, there does appear to be a few in one community who have been there slightly longer. (#2)

**Level of education was reported as follows:
2 respondents reported no educational history
32 respondents reported completion of primary education, approximately 6th grade
6 respondents reported completion of approximately 9th grade

4 respondents reported completion of higher than 9th grade

This data will be most helpful as we continue to track trends and gather additional information. It does appear to confirm our assessment that a majority is functionally illiterate to semi-literate, and that they are visual learners.

***14 respondents: poverty; 5 respondents: crime; other respondents: bad government, human rights issues, a lack of love, pollution, drugs, tourists(1).

The questions answered with the greatest level of consensus indicate: 

• most people coming to the CTC are interested in learning English, (#4)
• most people in the CTC love to play sports (#8)
• people here have respect for religious leaders (#9)
• people here are looking for hope for the future and a better way of life (#14).

These align with the team's understanding and expectations perspective. Although less invasive types of questions (ie: not in-depth about family, belief constructs, etc.) were used, in part contributing to a higher consensus, the responses are important in gaining an understanding of the bridges in the worldview of Cancún Carlos.

The question concerning respect for religious leaders fits current understanding not only of our CTC people group, but also of the country profile at large.  However, should we find discrepancies in the future, we could attempt to further define what respect means to our people group. 

The spirit of hopefulness and desire to forge a better future can mean many things.  We will continue to discover, as Cancún Carlos discovers, what this means.  His discovery of the gospel could significantly define and influence how this new culture evolves. The openness and transitional nature of his life appears to be a true worldview bridge to the Christian worldview.

Question #12 addressed the need for a better understanding of the Word of God/the Bible in the CTC.  This question's response yielded a surprisingly high consensus, with 34 of 42 respondents in agreement with this statement, which is very encouraging to the team.  It appears to reflect a basic awareness of a spiritual need and a possible openness to Bible study. 

Similarly, response to the statement, to be Mexican is to be Catholic (#11) was encouraging. Though not all disagreed, the fact that 27 of 42 respondents disagreed with this statement is significant, as in many regions of the country agreement has often been higher.  Further study can possibly be done to clarify how this relates to a persons regional origin (ie:  it is estimated that 50% of our population move here from Mexico City.  Initial hypotheses would say that this 50% would be slightly more likely to agree with the above statement because of the prevalence of Catholicism in that region.)  Overall, however, the responses to this question appear to lend themselves to our current assessment that Spanish-speaking people in the CTC express and exhibit more openness on this concept, which is favorable. Additionally, question #6 explored perceptions of Cancún Carlos comfort level or openness to talk about religious beliefs and practices. Seventy-five percent of respondents stated that openness exists to discuss religious beliefs and practices. It is possible this percentage varies slightly downward cross-culturally, but is a positive response pattern. 
 
Although question #7 may provide some illumination, as it attempts to establish our people group's perceptions as to whether it is hard to find a Mexican who does not believe in God, the team agreed that it appears this question may have been misunderstood by some respondents.  This is due in part to the twofold negative qualifiers and it is felt a rewording could help us identify more accurately the perceptions that are held.  Initially, it does appear to establish that some of our people-group posses an awareness that not all Mexicans believe in God.

Response to question #5 is congruent with responses to other questions. 31 of 42 respondents reported agreement with this statement, 9 disagreed, and 2 were unsure. This may be accurate, although it should also be noted that it is possible that the question was perceived as loaded, potentially tapping into tensions or issues of honor to family and/or country. With about seventy-five percent agreeing, the team believes this to be at least generally accurate.

Response to question #10 was not a surprise. 20 of 42 respondents reported agreement that people respect the government. Another 18 disagreed with this statement, and 4 were not sure.

The final question (#15) was the only open-ended question. Fifty percent felt that the top two problems are poverty or crime.  This parallels corresponding CTC problem-perspectives, and enlightens our understanding of Cancún Carlos daily life struggles.

Comparing this data to our Cancún Carlos profile, it appears most of the characteristics continue to be confirmed.

We will continue to explore his worldview, especially noting his interests and hopes, which are potentially significant bridges. We will also carefully continue to pursue his self-report of openness to the Bible, and to personal growth and development, as well as seek to identify any underlying barriers.

 

Summary Data:  Demographics, Employment, Language, Education

As noted earlier, historical and reliable statistical data for this new area are limited. We will seek other sources of information expanding our own monitoring and interviewing practices. Mexico and Mexico City profile information continues to be useful, and we will continue to integrate it into our understanding.  It is significant that one half of the newcomers in the CTC come here from Mexico City.  The next largest group arrives from other parts of the Yucatan Peninsula, followed by other regions of Mexico. Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, followed by Mayan. English is also quite prevalent.

The population of Cancún is largely made up of people who consider themselves upwardly mobile.  They have come here to better their lives, attracted by the booming economy, the excellent public services, and the pervasive feeling of hope.

The North American pioneer concept is helpful in gaining an understanding of the spirit and mindset of this people group.  Cancún has the lowest mortality rate in Latin America even lower than some sections of the U.S.  Although wages still lag by U.S. standards, Cancún also boasts the lowest unemployment rate in the country: 1%.  In addition, the general standard of living is very high for Latin America.  Other surveys have shown that an above average number of Cancún residents have luxuries such as VCR's and even second cars. Many own or are in the process of buying their homes.  Visitors may view the tar papered shacks and compare this to a familiar bad section of a North American state.  This is inaccurate.  These people are in reality, and certainly in terms of self-perception, on the way up, not down.  This is both in terms of where they came from and where they are going. (J. Siegel, Cancún) Cancún residents are also reported to be a lot like New Yorkers in that they think Cancún is the only place in the world to live, and they have a gritty sense of humor.

The following chart is most reflective of Mexico City.  However, area workers have confirmed salaries that are very close to the monthly rates shown. Hotel maids reported up to 3000 pesos per month, and hotel receptionists, 4000.

 

Occupational Profile, Pay Scales

Type of Job	Monthly Pay (MN)	Monthly Pay (USD)
Construction Company Engineers	6298	633
Agriculture & Livestock Workers	1232	124
Miners	2170	218
Salt Miners	3610	363
Transformation Industry	2069	208
Chemistry Industry	3919	394
Wood Workers	1170	118
Construction Workers	1474	148
Electrical Workers	3718	374
Commerce Workers	1904	191
Transportation Workers	2838	285
Communications Workers	8334	838

--Pay rate information taken from EL Economista, Thursday, November 26, 1998, 
In terms of education and literacy, the government reports 94%, but the majority appear to have little more than a 7th grade education.  Our people are primarily visual learners.  The vast majority are functional illiterates and semi-literates. The school systems in the CTC are available at no charge, and are technically compulsory for children ages 6 to 14.  Public schools are funded by federal, state, and private sources.  However, the schools have had difficulty keeping up with the rapid growth rates, and often the weak students are encouraged to drop out.  In addition, families are responsible for book purchases and this can cause economic difficulties.  Overall, it appears that narrative and storying methods will be very helpful in gospel presentations.

 

Religion

Mexico is thought of as a Roman Catholic state. In reality it is a culturally Catholic state. As few as 10% actively practice Catholicism. In Mexico City, where as many as 50% of CTC newcomers originate, there are an estimated 1,000 neighborhoods without an evangelical congregation.A noticeable percentage of these people would generally consider themselves to be Roman Catholic. Although many in the CTC reject this view, it has long been said,To be Mexican is to be Catholic. As noted this is a cultural Catholicism.  In most parts of Mexico, The Catholic Church is an integral part of everyday life. Known as Mexico's gift to the world, the Virgin of Guadalupe is a universally recognized icon in Mexican and Latin culture. In many Mexican homes and cars, there will be placed a statue of the Virgin of Guadalupe. She is not simply the Mary of the Bible, but she encompasses far more.During the time of the conquest and the mass Christianizing of the Aztecs, the Virgin of Guadalupe took the place of the Aztec Earth goddess, Tonantzi. The virgin supposedly appeared to a recently converted Aztec peasant.  The site of this appearance was the previous site of a shrine devoted to the worship of Tonantzi.  Appendix II relates the story of the Virgin of Guadalupe appearing to Juan Diego as told by Paulette Atencio. Her version was chosen over some more official renderings because hers possibly reflects the oral history better since she retells the story from what she learned as a child. Mary worship is indeed a product of the syncretistic Cristo-paganism of Mexico; however, it is often fueled by the Catholicism of Rome as seen through the Pope's prayer offered to Mary in 1979.  See Appendix IV.  In 1999, the Pope declared a special holiday throughout all of Latin America in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe.  Within 6 years of the Virgin's appearance, some have said 6 million Aztecs converted to Catholicism. La Virgen is considered the link that made this possible.

The existing churches in our target area are not reaching the newcomers to the CTC. There are many factors involved, but at the heart is a lack of vision and a lack of trained leadership.

Recent estimates for churches in Playa included: 65 small churches 

 

Leadership Factors

Surveys show that almost 90% of our people have respect for religious leaders.  This is well above norms for almost any country or people group. 50% respect government leaders. This seems generous given the complex and volatile political history of Mexico. It gains more significance in light of opinions that bad government is a problem. This high regard for leaders appears to be a trait present throughout much of Mexico.

Mexico's history is a case study proving that Mexicans follow strong leaders. Perhaps one of the most idealistic of movements, the Mexican Revolution revolved significantly around strong personalities.  In many cases, people were the focus more than the movements themselves. This is also observed in the context of church splits, where many times a large portion of members leaving to follow their charismatic leader.

In regard to leadership, in Latin America there is more emphasis on relationships than there is in North America. It's the way business is done. There is a greater sense of intimacy among Latinos than is often found in North American business settings. One example is the difference in personal space approximately 12 inches closer. With multiple family members commonly serving in various positions of a company, nepotism is not perceived as the taboo it represents in North American culture. Mexicans prefer to talk to a person as opposed to a company.  Rank and professional titles are also very important to Mexicans.  Those that have completed a college education are commonly addressed with the title Licenciado.  Other titles that are commonly used include Doctor, Profesor, and Pastor. Business card exchanges are a common  practice.

In most social or business contexts, confrontation and conflict is avoided.  There is an important saying about the Mexican art of courtesy: Siempre dicen si; nunca dicen cuando.They always say yes, but never when.There truly is saving face issue that promotes this. Desiring not to be disagreeable, agreement may be indicated. Often this is observable to the keenly focused communicator. In addition, a negative response that is given to some question or request will often be given indirectly and quietly.

The following quote illustrates the high level of tolerance and ongoing respect for government leaders: Corruption in Mexico City and all over the country is legendary.  It hits people at all levels, from the grand larceny of politicians to the cop who settles the ticket in the street. Corruption was for so many years so intricate a part of the system that Mexicans did not feel particularly offended by it...It is entrenched in traditions and structures.  It is the most democratic thing of our system.  You can even have influence as a humble man in a little town if you know the judge.  So corruption gives everybody access.
-By Michael Parfit and then by Adolf Aguilar Zinser, National Geographic, August 1996, pg. 34-35

A number of these characteristics have potential for facilitating the spread of the gospel resulting in a church planting movement.  However, a few of these also present special challenges or barriers. 
 

 

Barriers Between the Culture and the Christian Worldview

As has been noted in historical studies, conquest and domination have marked the entire area of Mexico's capitol.  The Mexica (Aztecs) conquered and ruled over the weaker tribes.  This produced a situation of forced submission that led to an outward subservience accompanied by an inward withdrawal and concealment of personality and intentions as a self-defense mechanism.  Much more so was the impact of the Spanish conquest that not only subjugated the indigenous peoples, but also broke down much of their racial distinctions, producing a single mestizo race. It is quite understandable that the present day mestizo race in some respects manifests the results of defeat and domination experience in its past. The widespread reaction against "opening oneself" is a protective reaction that provides a certain level of security.  This, of course, translates into a barrier for the reception of the Gospel.  The harder it is for the Gospel communicator to enter into the real world of the hearers, the harder it is for them to respond at a deep, soul-searching level to the saving message which requires honesty, sincerity, and heartfelt confession.  This situation can result in at least two undesirable reactions to the Gospel. One is a hardness, indifference, and disinterest in the message because of the self-defensive recipient who is unwilling to expose his need for a spiritual transformation.  The other reaction is an outwardly polite and superficial reception of the message without the depth of soul-searching and sincere repentance required to experience the new birth. This is a scenario that occurs repeatedly between Mexican hearers and North American communicators.  The well-intentioned neighbor from the North typically presents a printed or spoken outline of the Gospel message, ending with the invitation for his Mexican friend to receive Christ.  The friendly "mask" and polite exterior of the Mexican effectively covers his inward insulation from the invasion of a "foreign religion". The American chalks up another "conversion" while the Mexican maintains a cultural value of politeness without compromising his existing religious convictions. This is not a recent phenomenon.  During some 20th century excavation of the "Templo Mayor" at the Zocalo of downtown Mexico City, a huge stone was found directly under the main altar of the building. The stone was the famous "Aztec sun calendar". Not really a calendar at all, the stone was central to the whole idolatrous system of Aztec belief and practice.  Though conquered and forced to worship in the patterns and the buildings of the Spaniards, the indigenous peoples maintained their heart allegiance to their old form of worship. 

 

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